2011年5月25日 星期三

The Obama speech to the UK Parliament

台北時間2011/5/25:晚上十點半後起
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儀式一樣重要


Obama's speech to UK Parliament, in full, with analysis

President Obama's speech in Westminster Hall in full

As part of a state visit, US President Barack Obama has given a keynote address to both houses of the British Parliament, gathered at London's Westminster Hall. Here is his speech in full, with analysis from the BBC's deputy political editor, James Landale.

"My Lord Chancellor, Mr Speaker, Mr Prime Minister, my Lords, and Members of the House of Commons:

"I have known few greater honours than the opportunity to address the Mother of Parliaments at Westminster Hall. I am told the last three speakers here have been the Pope, Her Majesty the Queen, and Nelson Mandela, which is either a very high bar or the beginning of a very funny joke.

"I've come here today to reaffirm one of the oldest, one of the strongest alliances the world has ever known. It has long been said that the United States and the United Kingdom share a special relationship.

"And since we also share an especially active press corps, that relationship is often analysed and over-analysed for the slightest hint of stress or strain.

"Of course, all relationships have their ups and downs. Admittedly, ours got off on the wrong foot with a small scrape about tea and taxes.

Analysis

The president notes Britain and the US have had their ups and downs over history, pointing to "a small scrape about tea and taxes". A joke maybe, but remember that in his inaugural speech as president his first reference to Britain was as "the enemy" as he told a story about the war of independence.

"There may have also been some hurt feelings when the White House was set on fire during the War of 1812. But fortunately, it's been smooth sailing ever since!

"The reason for this close friendship doesn't just have to do with our shared history, our shared heritage; our ties of language and culture; or even the strong partnership between our governments. Our relationship is special because of the values and beliefs that have united our people through the ages.

"Centuries ago, when kings, emperors, and warlords reigned over much of the world, it was the English who first spelled out the rights and liberties of man in the Magna Carta.

Analysis

The president has addressed the special relationship question head-on - noting that it is often over-analysed for signs of "strains and stress". His point is that the relationship works not because of shared history but shared values. This is the pragmatic note that he and David Cameron are trying to emphasise.

"It was here, in this very hall, where the rule of law first developed, courts were established, disputes were settled, and citizens came to petition their leaders.

"Over time, the people of this nation waged a long and sometimes bloody struggle to expand and secure their freedom from the crown. Propelled by the ideals of the Enlightenment, they would ultimately forge an English Bill of Rights, and invest the power to govern in an elected parliament that's gathered here today.

"What began on this island would inspire millions throughout the continent of Europe and across the world.

"But perhaps no-one drew greater inspiration from these notions of freedom than your rabble-rousing colonists on the other side of the Atlantic. As Winston Churchill said, the "…Magna Carta, the Bill of Rights, the Habeas Corpus, trial by jury, and English common law find their most famous expression in the American Declaration of Independence".

"For both of our nations, living up to the ideals enshrined in these founding documents has sometimes been difficult, has always been a work in progress.

"The path has never been perfect. But through the struggles of slaves and immigrants; women and ethnic minorities; former colonies and persecuted religions, we have learned better than most that the longing for freedom and human dignity is not English or American or Western - it is universal, and it beats in every heart.

Analysis

The president is now taking a swift walk through history to illustrate the shared values of the US and the UK - from the Magna Carta's influence on the Declaration of Independence through to the Normandy landings.

"Perhaps that's why there are few nations that stand firmer, speak louder, and fight harder to defend democratic values around the world than the United States and the United Kingdom.

"We are the allies who landed at Omaha and Gold; who sacrificed side by side to free a continent from the march of tyranny, and help prosperity flourish from the ruins of war. And with the founding of Nato - a British idea - we joined a transatlantic alliance that has ensured our security for over half a century.

"Together with our allies, we forged a lasting peace from a Cold War. When the Iron Curtain lifted, we expanded our alliance to include the nations of Central and Eastern Europe, and built new bridges to Russia and the former states of the Soviet Union. And when there was strife in the Balkans, we worked together to keep the peace.

"Today, after a difficult decade that began with war and ended in recession, our nations have arrived at a pivotal moment once more. A global economy that once stood on the brink of depression is now stable and recovering.

"After years of conflict, the United States has removed 100,000 troops from Iraq, the United Kingdom has removed its forces, and our combat mission there has ended. In Afghanistan, we have broken the Taliban's momentum, and will soon begin a transition to Afghan lead.

"And nearly 10 years after 9/11, we have disrupted terrorist networks and dealt al-Qaeda a huge blow by killing its leader - Osama bin Laden.

"Together, we have met great challenges. But as we enter this new chapter in our shared history, profound challenges stretch before us.

"In a world where the prosperity of all nations is now inextricably linked, a new era of co-operation is required to ensure the growth and stability of the global economy.

"As new threats spread across borders and oceans, we must dismantle terrorist networks and stop the spread of nuclear weapons; confront climate change and combat famine and disease. And as a revolution races through the streets of the Middle East and North Africa, the entire world has a stake in the aspirations of a generation that longs to determine its own destiny.

"These challenges come at a time when the international order has already been reshaped for a new century. Countries like China, India, and Brazil are growing by leaps and bounds. We should welcome this development, for it has lifted hundreds of millions from poverty around the globe, and created new markets and opportunities for our own nations.

"And yet, as this rapid change has taken place, it has become fashionable in some quarters to question whether the rise of these nations will accompany the decline of American and European influence around the world. Perhaps, the argument goes, these nations represent the future, and the time for our leadership has passed.

"That argument is wrong. The time for our leadership is now. It was the United States and the United Kingdom, and our democratic allies, that shaped a world in which new nations could emerge and individuals could thrive. And even as more nations take on the responsibilities of global leadership, our alliance will remain indispensable to the goal of a century that is more peaceful, more prosperous and more just.

Analysis

The president's first substantive point. The world is at a "pivotal moment". There's been a "difficult decade" but troops are leaving Iraq, Afghanistan is in transition and the fight against al-Qaeda has been dealt a huge blow.

But there is now a new international order. And it is one with new challenges that still requires leadership from the "indispensable" alliance between the US and the UK. We remain, he says, "the greatest catalyst for global action".

"At a time when threats and challenges require nations to work in concert with one another, we remain the greatest catalysts for global action.

"In an era defined by the rapid flow of commerce and information, it is our free market tradition, our openness, fortified by our commitment to basic security for our citizens, that offers the best chance of prosperity that is both strong and shared. As millions are still denied their basic human rights because of who they are, or what they believe, or the kind of government that they live under, we are the nations most willing to stand up for the values of tolerance and self-determination that lead to peace and dignity.

"Now this doesn't mean we can afford to stand still. The nature of our leadership will need to change with the times. As I said the first time I came to London as president, for the G20 Summit, the days are gone when Roosevelt and Churchill could sit in a room and solve the world's problems over a glass of brandy - although I'm sure Prime Minister Cameron and I would agree that some days we could both use a stiff drink. In this century, our joint leadership will require building new partnerships, adapting to new circumstances, and remaking ourselves to meet the demands of a new era.

"That begins with our economic leadership.

"Adam Smith's central insight remains true today: there is no greater generator of wealth and innovation than a system of free enterprise that unleashes the full potential of individual men and women. That is what led to the Industrial Revolution that began in the factories of Manchester.

"That is what led to the dawn of the Information Age that arose from the office parks of Silicon Valley. And that is why countries like China, India and Brazil are growing so rapidly - because in fits and starts, they are moving toward market-based principles that the United States and the United Kingdom have always embraced.

"In other words, we live in a global economy that is largely of our own making. And today, the competition for the best jobs and industries favours countries that are free-thinking and forward-looking; countries with the most creative, innovative, entrepreneurial citizens.

"That gives nations like the United States and the United Kingdom an inherent advantage. From Newton and Darwin to Edison and Einstein; from Alan Turing to Steve Jobs, we have led the world in our commitment to science and cutting-edge research; the discovery of new medicines and technologies.

"We educate our citizens and train our workers in the best colleges and universities on Earth. But to maintain this advantage in a world that's more competitive than ever, we will have to redouble our investments in science and engineering, and renew our national commitments to educating our workforces.

"We've also been reminded in the last few years that markets can sometimes fail. In the last century, both our nations put in place regulatory frameworks to deal with these challenges - safeguards to protect the banking system after the Great Depression, for example, and regulations were established to prevent the pollution of our air and water during the 1970s.

"But in today's economy, such threats of market failure can no longer be contained within the borders of any one country. Market failures can go global, and go viral, and demand international responses. A financial crisis that began on Wall Street infected nearly every continent, which is why we must keep working through forums like the G20 to put in place global rules of the road to prevent future excesses and abuse. No country can hide from the dangers of carbon pollution, which is why we must build on what was achieved at Copenhagen and Cancun to leave our children a planet that is safer and cleaner.

"Moreover, even when the free market works as it should, both our countries recognize that no matter how responsibly we live our lives, hard times or bad luck, a crippling illness or a layoff, may strike any one of us. And so part of our common tradition has expressed itself in a conviction that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security - health-care if you get sick; unemployment insurance if you lose your job; a dignified retirement after a lifetime of hard work. That commitment to our citizens has also been a reason for our leadership in the world.

"Having come through a terrible recession, our challenge today is to meet these obligations while ensuring that we're not consumed with a level of debt that could sap the strength and vitality from our economies. That will require difficult choices and different paths for both of our countries. But we have faced such challenges before, and have always been able to balance the need for fiscal responsibility with the responsibilities we have to one another.

"I believe we can do it again. As we do, the successes and failures of our own past can serve as an example for emerging economies - that it's possible to grow without polluting; that lasting prosperity comes not from what a nation consumes, but from what it produces, and from the investments it makes in its people and infrastructure.

"Just as we must lead on behalf of the prosperity of our citizens, so must we safeguard their security.

"Our two nations know what it is to confront evil in the world. Hitler's armies would not have stopped their killing had we not fought them on the beaches and the landing grounds; in the fields and on the streets. We must never forget that there was nothing inevitable about our victory in that terrible war - it was won through the courage and character of our people.

"Precisely because we are willing to bear its burden, we know well the cost of war. That is why we built an alliance that was strong enough to defend this continent while deterring our enemies. At its core, Nato is rooted in the simple concept of Article Five: that no Nato nation will have to fend on its own; that allies will stand by one another, always. And for six decades, Nato has been the most successful alliance in human history.

"Today, we confront a different enemy. Terrorists have taken the lives of our citizens in New York and in London. And while al-Qaeda seeks a religious war with the West, we must remember that they have killed thousands of Muslims - men, women and children - around the globe. Our nations will never be at war with Islam. Our fight is focused on defeating al-Qaeda and its extremist allies. In that effort, we will not relent, as Osama Bin Laden and his followers have learned... As we fight an enemy that respects no law of war, we will continue to hold ourselves to a higher standard - by living up to the values and the rule of law and due process that we so ardently defend.

"For almost a decade, Afghanistan has been a central front of these efforts. Throughout those years, you, the British people, have been a stalwart ally along with so many others who fight by our side. Together, let us pay tribute to all of our men and women who have served and sacrificed over the last several years - for they are part of an unbroken line of heroes who have borne the heaviest burden for the freedoms that we enjoy. Because of them, we have broken the Taliban's momentum.

"Because of them, we have built the capacity of Afghan security forces. And because of them, we are now preparing to turn a corner in Afghanistan by transitioning to an Afghan lead. During this transition, we will pursue a lasting peace with those who break free of from al-Qaeda and respect the Afghan constitution and lay down arms. And we will ensure that Afghanistan is never a safe haven for terror - but is instead a country that is strong, sovereign, and able to stand on its own two feet.

Analysis

The president says: "We are now preparing to turn a corner in Afghanistan by transitioning to Afghan lead. During this transition, we will pursue a lasting peace with those who break from al-Qaeda and respect the Afghan Constitution. And we will ensure that Afghanistan is never a safe-haven for terror".

What he means is that if President Hamid Karzai talks to the Taliban and can persuade them stop fighting, then US troops will leave.

"Indeed, our efforts in this young century have led us to a new concept for Nato that will give us the capabilities needed to meet new threats: threats like terrorism and piracy, cyber attacks and ballistic missiles. But a revitalized Nato will continue to hew to that original vision of its founders, allowing us to rally collective action for the defence of our people, while building upon the broader belief of Roosevelt and Churchill that all nations have both rights and responsibilities, and all nations share a common interest in an international architecture that maintains the peace.

"We also share a common interest in stopping the spread of nuclear weapons. Across the globe, nations are locking down nuclear materials so they never fall into the wrong hands. Because of our leadership, from North Korea to Iran, we have sent a message that those who flaunt their obligations will face consequences - which is why America and the European Union just recently strengthened our sanctions on Iran, in large part because of the leadership of the United Kingdom and the United States. And while we hold others to account, we will meet our own obligations under the Non-Proliferation Treaty, and strive for a world without nuclear weapons.

"We share a common interest in resolving conflicts that prolong human suffering, and threaten to tear whole regions asunder. In Sudan, after years of war and thousands of deaths, we call on both North and South to pull back from the brink of violence and choose the path of peace. And in the Middle East, we stand united in our support for a secure Israel and a sovereign Palestine.

"And we share a common interest in development that advances dignity and security. To succeed, we must cast aside the impulse to look at impoverished parts of the globe as a place for charity. Instead, we should empower the same forces that have allowed our own people to thrive - we should help the hungry to feed themselves, and the doctors who care for the sick; we should support countries that confront corruption, and allow their people to innovate; and we should advance the truth that nations prosper when they allow women and girls to reach their full potential.

"We do these things because we believe not simply in the rights of nations, we believe in the rights of citizens. That is the beacon that guided us through our fight against fascism and our twilight struggle against communism. And today, that idea is being put to the test in the Middle East and North Africa. In country after country, people are mobilising to free themselves from the grip of an iron fist. And while these movements for change are just six months old, we have seen them play out before - from Eastern Europe to the Americas; from South Africa to Southeast Asia.

Analysis

The president said that the UK and US are on the side of those struggling for democracy in the Middle East and North Africa.

"What that means is more cash and trade and aid for Tunisia and Egypt - which many diplomats think the west has neglected since their regimes were overturned. What it means for Syria - which he did not mention by name - is some kind of undefined 'sanction'.

"History tells us that democracy is not easy. It will be years before these revolutions reach their conclusion, and there will be difficult days along the way. Power rarely gives up without a fight - particularly in places where there are divisions of tribe and divisions of sect. We also know that populism can take dangerous turns - from the extremism of those who would use democracy to deny minority rights, to the nationalism that left so many scars on this continent in the 20th Century.

"But make no mistake: what we saw, what we are seeing in Tehran, Tunis and Tahrir Square is a longing for the same freedoms that we take for granted here at home. It was a rejection of the notion that people in certain parts of the world don't want to be free, or need to have democracy imposed upon them. It was a rebuke to the world view of al-Qaeda, which smothers the rights of individuals, and would thereby subject them to perpetual poverty and violence. Let there be no doubt: the United States and United Kingdom stand squarely on the side of those who long to be free.

"Now we must show that we will back up those words with deeds. That means investing in the future of those nations that transition to democracy, starting with Tunisia and Egypt - by deepening ties of trade and commerce; by helping them demonstrate that freedom brings prosperity. And that means standing up for universal rights - by sanctioning those who pursue repression, strengthening civil society, supporting the rights of minorities.

"We do this knowing that the West must overcome suspicion and mistrust among many in the Middle East and North Africa - a mistrust that is rooted in a difficult past. For years, we have faced charges of hypocrisy from those who do not enjoy the freedoms that they hear us espouse. To them, we must squarely acknowledge that yes, we have enduring interests in the region - to fight terror, sometimes with partners who may not always be perfect, and to protect against disruptions in the world's energy supply. But we must also insist that we reject as false the choice between our interests and our ideals; between stability and democracy. Our idealism is rooted in the realities of history - that repression offers only the false promise of stability; that societies are more successful when their citizens are free; and that democracies are the closest allies we have.

Analysis

The president said: "It would have been easy at the outset of the crackdown in Libya to say that none of this was our business - that a nation's sovereignty is more important than the slaughter of civilians within its borders".

He is telling his critics that the US did not drag its feet over Libya, that it is engaged, and that massacre has been avoided. But equally, note the lack of mention of Col Gaddafi by name, just an oblique mention of the "shadow of tyranny".

"It is that truth that guides our action in Libya. It would have been easy at the outset of the crackdown in Libya to say that none of this was our business - that a nation's sovereignty is more important than the slaughter of civilians within its borders. That argument carries weight with some. But we are different. We embrace a broader responsibility. And while we cannot stop every injustice, there are circumstances that cut through our caution - when a leader is threatening to massacre his people, and the international community is calling for action. That is why we stopped a massacre in Libya. And we will not relent until the people of Libya are protected, and the shadow of tyranny is lifted.

"We will proceed with humility, and the knowledge that we cannot dictate every outcome abroad. Ultimately, freedom must be won by the people themselves, not imposed from without. But we can and must stand with those who so struggle. Because we have always believed that the future of our children and grandchildren will be better if other people's children and grandchildren are more prosperous and more free - from the beaches of Normandy, to the Balkans, to Benghazi. That is our interest and our ideal. And if we fail to meet that responsibility, who would take our place? And what kind of world would we pass on?

"Our action - our leadership - is essential to the cause of human dignity. And so we must act - and lead - with confidence in our ideals, and an abiding faith in the character of our people, who sent us here today.

"For there is one final that quality that I believe makes the United States and the United Kingdom indispensable to this moment in history. And that is how we define ourselves as nations.

"Unlike most countries in the world, we do not define citizenship based on race or ethnicity. Being American or British is not about belonging to a certain group; it's about believing in a certain set of ideals - the rights of individuals, the rule of law. That is why we hold incredible diversity within our borders. That is why there are people around the world right now who believe that if they come to America, if they come to New York, if they come to London, if they work hard, they can pledge allegiance to our flag, and call themselves American. If they come to England to make a new life for themselves, they can sing God Save the Queen just like any other citizen.

"Yes, our diversity can lead to tension. Throughout history, there have been heated debates about immigration and assimilation in both our countries. But even as these debates can be difficult, we fundamentally recognise that our patchwork heritage is an enormous strength - that in a world which will only grow smaller and more interconnected, the example of our two nations says it is possible for people to be united by their ideals, instead of divided by their differences; it is possible for hearts to change, and old hatreds to pass; that it's possible for the sons and daughters of former colonies to sit here as members of this great Parliament, and for the grandson of a Kenyan who served as a cook in the British Army to stand before you as President of the United States.

"That is what defines us. That is why the young men and women in the streets of Damascus and Cairo still reach for the rights our citizens enjoy, even if they've sometimes differed with our policies. As two of the most powerful nations in the history of the world, we must always remember that the true source of our influence hasn't just been the size of our economies, the reach of our militaries, or the land that we've claimed. It has been the values that we must never waver in defending around the world - the idea that all human beings are endowed by our Creator with certain rights that cannot be denied.

"That is what forged our bond in the fire of war - a bond made manifest by the friendship between two of our greatest leaders. Churchill and Roosevelt had their differences. They were keen observers of each other's blind spots and shortcomings, if not always their own, and they were hard-headed about their ability to remake the world.

"But what joined the fates of these two men at that particular moment in history was not simply a shared interest in victory on the battlefield. It was a shared belief in the ultimate triumph of human freedom and human dignity - a conviction that we have a say in how this story ends.

"This conviction lives on in their people today. The challenges we face are great. The work before us is hard. But we have come through a difficult decade, and whenever the tests and trials ahead seem too big or too many, let us turn to their example, and the words that Churchill spoke on the day that Europe was freed:

"In the long years to come, not only will the people of this island but the world, wherever the bird of freedom chirps in human hearts, look back to what we've done, and they will say 'do not despair, do not yield…march straight forward'"

"With courage and purpose; with humility and with hope; with faith in the promise of tomorrow, let us march straight forward together, enduring allies in the cause of a world that is more peaceful, more prosperous, and more just. Thank you very much.

2011年5月19日 星期四

安田好弘律師來台演講的日程

「魔鬼的辯護人」與「時代錯誤的人權偏執狂」
~安田好弘律師其人其事


吳豪人輔仁大學法律系副教授曾任台灣人權促進會會長現為台權會執行委員台灣廢除死刑推動聯盟執行委員、國際特赦組織台灣總會理事、小米穗基金會董事長)

1990年代,當我還是個留學生,曾經觀察到日本社會裡有一個奇妙的用語:「人権気違い(人權偏執狂/極端分子)」,而感到萬分驚異。因為1990年代的台灣社會,正是從極權(我真的好討厭「威權」這個假惺惺的字眼──彷彿蔣介石父子和希特勒毛澤東有什麼本質性的不同)過渡到民主的全盛時代,人們對於正面的價值──諸如民主、自由、人權、左翼思想、社會運動──以及倡議、捍衛這些價值的人充滿了肯定與敬意。

相對的,1990年代的日本社會,是個歷經戰後政治與社會運動全面敗北的,疲憊而價值虛無的社會,不但已無復安保運動與全共鬥時代左翼的進步氣息,而且正從泡沫經濟的最高點摔跌下來。許多昔日屬於「進步派」的人們,不但對於排山倒海的社會不義再也無力改變,無心改變,反而對那些仍試圖抵抗的,殘存的理想主義者嘲諷訕笑不遺餘力。彷彿非藉由嘲諷、訕笑這些轉大人沒成功的吉訶德老爺們的徒勞與堅持,不足以化解自己內心的羞慚與無所作為(而這個時候最流行的,當然就是什麼「後現代」了)。

在「轉大人成功的自命超克派」(這個字眼是我杜撰的)竭盡全力訕笑跟不上時代的昔日同志之際,保守右翼自然樂的在一旁落井下石。「人權偏執狂」一辭最流行的時候,正是新自由主義與全球化的思維,瀰漫整個日本的時候。對我而言,一點都不值得奇怪。

所以,1990年代去日本留學,對於台灣學生而言是個辛苦的時代。一方面那是個進步思想全面解體、價值全面虛無的時代,另一方面又是個保守思想反撲復辟的時代。我們究竟要向誰學習、學習什麼?整整10年的留學生涯,就在拳打左翼(這些人認為台灣=蔣介石=保守反動=可輕可賤,但是看到中國就腿軟,高呼「日本人對不起中國人」的戰爭責任),腳踢右翼(這些人認為台灣=蔣介石=李登輝=美日忠實盟友,說到中國就有氣,高呼「台日親善」「後藤新平萬歲」)之中無為的流逝了。

進步思想滅絕了嗎?

這段不愉快的回憶,即便在我回國好幾年之後依然持續。直到2004年和台權會的夥伴捲進樂生院保衛戰,巧遇來台尋找戰前被強制隔離者的,來自福岡的漢生病訴訟律師團,並且攜手合作之後,才開始出現變化──且不提這些認真追究日本政府戰爭/殖民責任的律師們對於樂生院的阿伯阿嬤如何親切、為了阿伯阿嬤的權利如何與日本政府周旋到底(順便也修理了台灣的藍綠政客),對我而言最震驚的是:他們居然都是左翼律師(而且是『蟹工船』那個時代的左翼律師)。他們居然都是「時代錯誤的人權偏執狂」。而且,呃,據說「同志佈滿全國」,人數還真不少。

原來我以為的,1990年代的那場「進步思想大滅絕」,只是一個後現代超克派與傳統右派聯手演出的彆腳戲碼?

從此之後,透過福岡的律師團,我結識了許許多多「時代錯誤的人權偏執狂」日本律師。其中有老有少,既沒有世代斷層,也並不恐中賤台。如果說,這批「倖存者」和全共鬥時代的老左翼有什麼不同,大概就是不再空談艱澀理論與忙於內鬥,而將精力投注於每個個案上,從而洗去了昔日自以為正義的傲慢,變得謙遜卻不妥協。在努力提升亞洲人權的共同議題上,我們多出了一大批堅強的國際盟友。這時候才覺得:留學(90年代的)日本──回國還得忍受當學術界的「二軍」,總算值得。

由於日本帝國與國民黨兩個殖民者政權的嚴密壓制,左翼從來不是台灣政治與社會的主流。儘管如此,這亦不妨礙台灣人追求自由與人權。左翼思想雖然是知識與實踐所不可或缺的通過儀式,但真實世界中的左翼分子/政權中,爛人也滿多的。二次戰後迄今的歷史證明了,鎮壓人權的傢伙,是不分意識形態的。反過來說,人權如果是一個(權利範圍不斷更新擴大的)普世價值,就正好可以用來辨證左與右的教條性對立。而這一點對理解當代的台灣很重要(我覺得啦)。

因為,90年代深受台灣社會肯定的人權理念,其實大多僅被用來催化民主──而且這個所謂民主也幾乎限於參政權利的投票權,因此當總統也得以直選之後,台灣社會對於人權理念的認識,就進入了相對停滯的狀態。21世紀之後我們甚至可以看到,從總統到國民,對於國際人權的(投票權之外的)許多內容與價值,是陌生而且充滿疑慮的。我們很難想像,成功在政治上「寧靜革命」的台灣,同時居然也可以是應報的、嗜血的、霸凌的、經濟掛帥的、西瓜偎大邊的(我討厭把「民粹」當成負面語言的笨蛋)以及充滿各種歧視與偏見的台灣。

所以,在民進黨執政的時期,內政部長就公開稱呼那些反對國家強制收集國民指紋的社運團體是「所謂人權團體」──這個「所謂」真是神來之筆,充滿了老國民黨的mentality。這似乎預示了民進黨對人權的「超克」(他們對樂生院與集遊法的態度就是最好的證據)。等到2008年陳雲林事件,政治與社會中的保守右翼正式宣告復辟,並得到中國的超低水準人權加持之後,台灣版的「打死人權偏執狂」風潮,自然也就應運而生了(注意句讀:不是「打死人」這種權利的偏執狂,而是要打死那些「人權偏執狂」)(我知道一定有人認為我在拐彎抹角罵那些反對廢除死刑的宅神。其實我心中浮現的,是把蘇建和案發回更審的最高法院法官們嘴角的那一抹冷笑)。

時代錯誤的人權偏執狂?

在這樣令台灣的人權唐吉訶德們悲傷挫折的現狀之下,介紹鄰國日本一位至今仍然轉大人沒成功的,代表性的人權工作者的事蹟,或許可以讓大家稍為振奮一點(「啊!原來還有人比我更傻更不識時務」式的振奮)。這個日本人正好是個律師,正好是前面提到的,「時代錯誤的人權偏執狂」日本律師們的老大哥。他的名字,叫安田好弘(Yasuda Yoshihiro)。

安田好弘律師在台灣或許也有一點名氣(當然是「臭名」。台灣最近不流行人權律師)。因為前些日子被翻譯為中文的暢銷書『與絕望奮鬥』中,作者本村洋(1999年日本光市母子殺害事件被害人的丈夫/父親)把被告的律師團,特別是團長──也就是安田好弘律師──罵了個狗血淋頭。一個冷血的少年殺人犯,毫無理由的就奪去兩條寶貴的性命,瓦解了一個幸福的家庭。這種震驚日本社會的敗類,萬死不得辭其咎,居然還有律師主動義務辯護?居然還組律師「團」?居然憑其詭辯,唬得高等法院只做出無期徒刑的判決──幸虧最高法院發回更審。這種律師不是魔鬼的辯護人是什麼?媒體國人皆曰殺,憑什麼律師要出頭叫司法不應屈從民意?憤怒的本村洋面對媒體鏡頭呼喊:如果國家不宣判少年死刑,他就要自己親手殺了被告。激憤的群眾們則連署要求律師公會懲戒那個公開宣稱「不處死刑而處以無期徒刑乃理所當然」的安田律師。而安田則認為:本村先生的行為,恐怕觸犯了公然脅迫罪。

鬼的辯護人

在此我且不擬細談案,以及犯罪被害人及其家屬是否就一定等同「絕對的正義」、安田是否白目等敏感問題。不過,「魔鬼的辯護人」這個頭銜,確實是安田律師自己也坦然接受的社會頭銜。在他30幾年的律師生涯中,他所辯護過的著名「魔鬼」甚夥,依時間序列,至少有「工會魔鬼」(零工勞工vs.黑金政)、「縱火魔鬼」(新宿西口縱火案)、「擄人勒贖撕票魔鬼」(山梨縣幼童誘拐殺人案/名古屋大學女生撕票案)、「殺人放火魔鬼」(琦玉縣宮代町母子殺人案)、「政治激進派魔鬼」(北海道道政府爆破案/全共鬥教祖案/日本赤軍案/淺間山莊事件聯合赤軍案)、「強姦殺人魔鬼」(北海道連續婦女姦殺案),以及最出名的「新興宗教魔鬼」(奧姆真理教東京地下鐵沙林案)。反資本主義、反政府、反社會、殺人放火強姦爆破乃至恐怖主義──純粹就案件的外觀而言,安田律師的這些當事人,真正是撒旦從地獄派遣至人間作亂的魔鬼軍團。除了「工會魔鬼」之外,這些「魔鬼」案件的特色,就是被起訴的罪名,最高本刑都是死刑。

另一方面,安田又是眾所公認的日本頭號人權律師。這中間其實並不矛盾,因為他固然為許多「魔鬼」擔任辯護人,但他也藉此多次證明了日本社會「女巫審判」的前進代特質,以及國家與司法利用民眾的恐懼與獵巫心理進行自我擴權。在他的細心耙梳之下,這些魔鬼案子不為人所知(政府與媒體沒有告知人民的)的面向一一浮現:國家對政治思想的箝制、對資方的偏袒、檢警與黑道右翼團體的勾結、刑求與偽造自白造成的冤屈、對原住民的歧視、對精神病患/心神喪失者的歧視、媒體的嗜血與迎合國家權力的墮落、嚴重違反法律正當程序的逮捕偵訊與羈押、毫不科學的科學鑑定、急於破案「給社會一個交代」的代罪羔羊邏輯、纏訟多年冗長不人道的司法制度、獵巫型的人民公審與媒體名嘴譁眾取寵的未審先判……….(聽起來很熟悉吧。和台灣真是無限的相似)。魔鬼辯護人安田好弘,揹盡天下罵名,使出渾身之力,卻洩露出一線日本社會的「天機」──真的魔鬼,恐怕另有其人。每個他參與的案件,背後都有令人無限驚悚的,卻難以得見天日的真相。

檢警羅織報復?!

由於安田律師辦案實在太講究人權與正當法律程序,太投入追索真相而不肯給檢警「面子」、不肯和國家/社會妥協,雖然他沒有意識形態掛帥的問題,終究還是成為國家權力最頭痛的麻煩人物。1998年12月6日,甘犯眾怒毅然擔任真理教教祖麻原彰晃的首席辯護人的安田,在剛剛結束麻原案第100次開庭的三天之後,突然遭到警方逮捕,理由是安田與某不動產公司共謀脫產2億1000萬日幣,以逃避債權扣押,因此「涉嫌妨礙強制執行」。這實在是個非常明顯的羅織,因為這筆錢是該公司的會計所盜領,而且也已經自白了。可是警方不追究會計的責任,反而要這個會計充當「汙點證人」反咬該公司的法律顧問安田。更不可思議的是,從逮捕到起訴到第一審開庭,安田居然被羈押了(連台灣也無法想像的)10個月之久,關的還是「防止重罪犯人自殺」的「24小時全天監控牢房」,徹底剝奪他的隱私,意圖擊潰他的肉體健康與精神狀態──而檢方的求刑,卻只有兩年有期徒刑,目的很明顯的就是要剝奪安田的律師資格。

由於檢警的報復心態太過露骨,手段太過粗糙,引起公憤。結果來自全國、自願為他辯護的律師竟高達1200名(您沒看錯:一千兩百個律師組成的律師團),超過3000人參加示威遊行抗議檢方與警方,日辯連(全日本律師公會)與國際特赦組織也公開譴責。但決心整他的並不只是檢察官與警察。律師團聲請8次保釋,都遭到駁回(第6次東京地院雖然准許,檢方立即抗告,東京高院因而取消保釋許可。如是者三回)。到了第9次,也就是東京地院第4次准許保釋之際,還特別呈給高院一份意見書,要求高院不要太過分,才終於得以保釋。高院還惡戲地科以5000萬日圓的超高額保釋金。雖然一審獲得無罪判決,二審卻被視為「幫助犯」而判決有罪(易科罰金50萬日圓──此時律師團成員增加至2100人!),如今正上訴到最高法院。無論最終結果如何,檢警惡整安田的目的,算是徹底達成了。

一輩子幫「魔鬼」辯護的安田律師,這次總算親身嚐到了檢警與司法如何對付他們心目中的魔鬼的手段。在這樣的司法體制之下,究竟有多少沉冤與誤判呢?而日本相對上還算是亞洲最民主的國家呢。
 
「活下來的權利」

安田出生於1947年,所以也算是全共鬥學運世代。不過他很早就對當時的左翼學生運動的教條主義與自戀感到失望。為此他曾經對中國「玩真的」的文化大革命十分憧憬,後來文革的殘酷真相逐步解密,他才痛苦的承認「參與政治或政治運動,往往蒙蔽了自己看清事實的能力。自己騙自己也還罷了,還動員、煽動、洗腦他人。」「從此發誓再也不介入政治或政治運動,絕不隸屬任何組織,絕不依附任何權威與權力」。那麼,他「為魔鬼辯護」的熱情與動機從何而來呢?

在安田的一本自述性著作『活下來的權利』(『「生きる」という権利』)的前言裡,他寫道:

我曾經處理過無數的犯罪事件,發現刑事犯罪的加害人與被害人通常都是『弱者』。而『強者』則幾乎不會捲入犯罪。
  我所謂的強者,都是能力很強,有許多值得信賴、求助的友人,因此在大錯鑄成之前便能夠把問題解決。而弱者正好相反。
  犯罪總在貧困與富裕、安定與不安定、富人區與貧民區的邊境發生。強者無須越界到不屬於他的地區,永遠可以和犯罪保持距離;而弱者正好相反。除了個人的不幸之外,還有各式各樣社會的不幸重疊在一起,結果造成犯罪,或者被捲入犯罪。忽略產生犯罪的社會與個人背景,是永遠無法理解犯罪為什麼發生的。鎖定一個「惡棍」,將一切的罪與不幸全部歸咎在他身上,只會讓犯罪重複發生。
  面對這些弱者,我無法視若無睹。不是因為同情,而是出自於某種同理心。為什麼我會這樣?我也不曉得。只是,每當我見到那些闖下大禍的嫌犯被警察帶走的場景,總忍不住慨嘆:啊,這個人一輩子再也得不到自由了。在這一瞬,我便對他的境遇產生了強烈的同理心。


認為犯罪是一種不幸,稱呼罪犯是「不幸的人」──安田真的很杜斯妥也夫斯基,對不對?

這段話還可以繼續演繹:如果加害人與被害人都是弱者,那麼,為被害人出頭,以及對加害人施以裁判的是誰?報導案情、評論案情的媒體與名嘴是什麼人?當然是強者。而這些強者總是高坐在安全領域裡(經驗上我們知道,越是強者,犯的罪越大越不必負責),隔靴搔癢的,卻嚴峻而有效率的決定弱者的命運。另一方面,律師當然也是強者,精通強者的遊戲規則。差別在於:律師卻可以選擇永遠當其他強者的「朋友」,或者選擇越境進入弱者的領域裡拔刀相助,背叛自己的階級。顯然安田做出了他自己的決定。更難得的(或者說更白目的)是,當他面對強者,就變得越強悍。他不斷挑戰強者的邏輯,揭穿強者裹脅操控民意的伎倆。這就是為什麼在自己的冤案中,以及其他許多重大冤案中,安田是英雄;在光市母子殺害事件中,在對抗死刑的社會運動中,他卻變成了「國賊」。同樣的情形不斷重複。唯一不變的是,無論在什麼案件裡,只要他還是律師,他就是國家權力的眼中釘。這就是安田律師執業一生的寫照。

心地柔軟

宋澤萊曾經在短篇小說「秋陽」裡,談到一個研究台灣近代文學史的朋友對於楊逵的看法。這位朋友認為楊逵「在日本法西斯主義統治下,他是社會運動者,至少,他要戰鬥,心無論如何也是要硬的…….況且他的文章是犀利而不容情的,我看他的為人多少含帶著這種味道」。顯然宋澤萊對於這種看法不以為然,因此藉由筆下人物說了兩個楊逵的逸事。一個長年監視楊逵的日本警察密探入田春彥,被楊逵的人格感動,並自慚祖國的帝國主義,竟仰藥自盡了。楊逵每談及此事,總是悲哀的說:「入田君,入田君….」而哽咽不語;而在228和平宣言事件遭逮捕刑訊,疲累欲死的時候,一個官員低聲的對楊逵說:「你像甘地,很佩服」。楊逵並不確知那個人的身分,但他總說:「那個人是唯一的好人」。所以,小說的結論,或者應該說小宋的結論是:「好的文學家無不心地柔軟」。
  
好的法律人也是。

後記
這篇文章雖然題名為「安田好弘律師其人其事」,但是不但開場白落落長得像是安田律師的羈押期間,而且對於安田律師的許多事蹟交代得也很不清楚。尤其是他所經手的眾多「魔鬼案件」「背後不為人所知的另一面」都沒介紹,簡直吊人胃口嘛,您會說。
是的,我確實在吊大家的胃口,但原因並不只是因為純然的懶惰,而是因為安田好弘律師就快要來台灣訪問與演講了,您何不直接聽聽本人的現身說法呢?
不要忘了,他目前還是刑事被告人身分,出一趟國非常不容易,而且您也不曉得,日本的檢警下一次要使出什麼賤招,也許他下回就來不成了呢。

安田好弘律師來台演講的日程如下

6月11日早上9:30(輔大濟時樓9樓國際會議廳)
輔仁大學法律學院主辦的「『島弧人權』:亞洲人權的理論、歷史與實務國際研討會」擔任KEY-NOTE SPEAKER
講題:凝視柔弱悲傷的人性深淵──論如何恪盡律師的天職

6月13日晚間18:00(高雄市前鎮區一心二路128號14樓 國際金融大樓)
重大刑案/死刑案件律師分享座談會(高雄場)
主持:陳俊卿律師,與談:安田好弘律師、高涌誠律師、翁國彥律師
本場次僅限律師報名參加,若有興趣請洽02-25218870)

6月14日下午14:00,台北公開演講,在東吳大學城區部的5117階梯型教室
講題嘛…….您來了便知,保證精彩。(詳情近期公佈,請上廢死聯盟網站查詢)

2011年5月16日 星期一

聶華苓學術研討會

聶華苓學術研討會

20110516日(星期一)

時間

主持人

主講人

論文題目

討論人

上午:文學院會議室

09:00-09:10

開幕式

09:10-10 :25

黃美娥

馬翊航

純美與幻滅:論聶華苓《自由中國》文藝欄時期的小說

楊雅儒

劉于慈

舊社會與新世界:論聶華苓《失去的金鈴子》中的空間意象

陳姿瑾

10:25-10:45

中場休息

10:45-12:00

洪淑苓

翟翱

國/家不幸女兒幸──論《桑青與桃紅》中對國/家敘事的解構

林欣怡

陳幼馨

穿越三生三世的舞台:聶華苓散文中的戲劇書寫與感懷寄寓

曾馨霈

下午:總圖國際會議廳

14:20:15:20

梅家玲

專題演講, 聶華苓:又回台大

15:30-17:20

柯慶明

座談, 白先勇、李渝、季季、Natasa Durovicova

我所認識的聶華苓

17:20-17:30

閉幕式

2011年5月15日 星期日

東京大學行動博物館「人體測量法:人體‧形態‧運動」

東京大學行動博物館「人體測量法:人體‧形態‧運動」─模型與科學系列之三
東京大学モバイル・ミュージアム
『人体測定法(アントロポメトリア)——人体・形態・運動』

國立臺灣大學博物館群與國立大學法人東京大學總合研究博物館,為推動教育研究發展與促進合作交流,以東京大學行動博物館「人體測量法:人體‧形態‧運動」之展覽為序端,展開合作事宜。

東京大學總合研究博物館之各項展覽,不僅將專業先進之學術成果,向社會大眾展示與發表,也冀望打破過往在學科專業化 發展下所產生的學術分野,使參觀者於「藝術與科學」的跨領域架構下,享受「觀賞」與「學習」之雙重樂趣。東京大學行動博物館展覽曾於世界各地進行展出,此 次於臺大圖書館之展出,為系列展覽III最完整的一次公開展示。

本展覽屬於「Mode & Science」系列展之一,期結合以抽象概念為主的數理科學及強調技術層次的時尚設計,從中帶領參觀者由新角度體察事物,思索各種人體、形態及運動等,如何游移於二度與三度空間之中的各種問題,並呈現融合科學與時尚的獨特之美。

開幕典禮:2011年5月16日上午9點 | 臺大圖書館一樓
專題演講:西野嘉章館長(東京大學總合研究博物館) | 2011年5月16日上午10點 | 臺大圖書館B1國際會議廳

展覽期間:2011年5月16日至8月14日
展覽地點:國立臺灣大學圖書館一樓
指導單位:國立臺灣大學、國立大學法人東京大學
主辦單位:國立臺灣大學博物館群、國立大學法人東京大學總合研究博物館
展覽企劃:西野嘉章
展場規劃・視覺設計:UMUT WORKS (西野嘉章‧關岡裕之)
活動網址:http://www.museums.ntu.edu.tw/mobilemuseum.jsp
The University of Tokyo Mobilemuseum
“ANTHROPOMETRIA——Mode & Science III by Naoki Takizawa”

To promote education and research as well as to encourage mutual exchange, the University of Tokyo Mobilemuseum “Anthropometria” exhibition is presently being organized, under the auspices of the National Taiwan University Museums and the University Museum, the University of Tokyo (National University Corporation).

Not only do the exhibitions held by the University Museum, the University of Tokyo present to the public the academic results of advanced and specialized research, but also they aim to break the traditional academic partitions between art and science, inviting viewers to take pleasure in seeing and knowing the transdisciplinary world of “Art & Science.” The University of Tokyo Mobilemuseum has been touring around the world. The exhibition it is going to hold in the National Taiwan University Library is the most complete among the Mode & Science III series.

The present exhibition is one of the “Mode & Science” exhibition series that combine mathematical science with fashion design, the abstract concepts with the technical skills. It leads viewers to think about forms and motions, and allows them a new way of seeing things as human bodies come and go between two-dimensional and three-dimensional spaces. This exhibition demonstrates the unique beauty of science and fashion.

Opening Date: 9:00am, May 16, 2011
Lecture: Yoshiaki NISHINO / Dr., Director (The University Museum, the University of Tokyo)|10:00am, May 16, 2011 | B1, International Conference Hall, National Taiwan University Library

Dates : May 16 to August 14, 2011
Venue: Atrium, 1st Floor, National Taiwan University Library
Organized by: National Taiwan University Museums & The University Museum, the
University of Tokyo (National University Corporation)
Produced by: Yoshiaki Nishino (UMUT)
Space and Graphic Design by: UMUT works (Yoshiaki Nishino & Hiroyuki Sekioka)

2011年5月14日 星期六

宜蘭的慈心華德福 之旅

Ken Su 的報告:宜蘭的慈心華德福 /思念羅葉 / 雨夜追思陳定南縣長

紐約的朋友給 hc 的信:

Dear Hanching Chung,

The 17th Annual International Deming Research Seminar in NYC was very exciting. There were many very interesting papers presented and discussed. I would be pleased to send to you a copy of the Proceedings CD-Rom, Abstract booklet, and agenda. Where should I send them?

I hope your book is progressing well.

Best regards,

Joyce
----
這兩天因為 overflow 的 internet 上不去
我只好又回到台灣大學圖書館玩
所以許多相關東西來不及放進
這趟宜蘭之旅的一些故事

2011年5月13日 星期五

三呆塗鴉七十啟航的畫展

從宜蘭回來。想起錦坤兄說,有3-4個/篇主題可寫、發表在Blog上 (他煩惱的是優先序問題)。

----

驚見我放上十幾個blogs的 Blogger 故障:

“Blogger 現在無法使用。很抱歉出現服務中斷的情形。雖然我們曾是什麼可用性/可靠性….”的工程師,偶爾還會誤認為Google/IBM/這些大公司會是”金剛不壞。

****

妙的是,這一專欄我可能整年都沒去光顧它:用“王二”寫專欄,是我把經濟學模型文字化的一個嘗試。這個嘗試是否成功,估計讀者會更有發言權。在這個專欄一周年之際,向各位讀者暫時告別,但千千萬萬個王二的故事還會繼續發生。

****

三呆 (王晃三老師) 給我們三位朋友的邀請,我想應該分享。

Dear HC, GF & KJ

簡英哲說我在樓上忙得不亦樂乎是對的

這段日子我忙的兩件事

1. 教會建堂完成即將舉辦獻堂感恩禮拜(5/14,六), 有說不完的見證故事有如連續劇

2. 三呆塗鴉七十啟航的畫展(5/10星期二)正式開幕

邀請卡如附

這次展出採取花博模式,每週更換部份展品

展品中有許多是花卉作品

另外,除了3D呈現提供和觀賞者的互動機會之外

我也隨著時間進展持續潻加心情故事放在作品旁邊

所以有人稱之為4D呈現,似不為過。

歡迎來中壢看看我的塗鴉之作


https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui=2&ik=86ac3a8a18&view=att&th=12fe238270980917&attid=0.1&disp=inline&realattid=f_gnl49x190&zw



中原大學圖書館

服務最新消息

標題: 誰說(3呆塗鴉) 公告期限: 100.05.06 - 100.05.27
內容: 3呆塗鴉 - 七十啟航紀錄

誰說,黃昏啟程為時太晚?
誰說,童心拙趣無緣談美?

這裡呈現的是
王三呆(晃三)在退休生活中塗色玩墨的腳蹤

在這裡,三呆有話要說:
舜何人也,愚何人也(愚者,癡呆族人也)
有為者亦若是!

敬邀
2011/5/8~27
地點:中原大學張靜愚紀念圖書館
茶話和導覽時間:2011/5/10(二) 14:10
*敬邀吳烈偉老師與同好分享『旅遊寫生與生活美學』

本次展品全數作為義賣品,有意為中原大學(愛心基金)或
中原台福教會(建堂基金)捐獻者,請洽王三呆。

感謝:吳烈偉和徐鶴倩老師的啟蒙和指導
相關連結: 相關連結 相關檔案請下載
公告單位: 圖書館系統資訊組 聯絡人: 宮連城
電子郵件: kung@cycu.edu.tw 聯絡電話: (03)265-2852


*****

陳寬仁老師的信:

“「交情千千」浩瀚如海,包容大江大海,更有全球雨水,嘆為觀止。相形之下慚愧之極。

去年, 答應「八分之六」今年底可印行。不料去年中秋後,世俗事多,心煩氣噪。因為,偶然與一幫從未見過面的堂弟妹等聯繫上了(2007我在杭州演講,上了網,因寬字,被二伯父家的寬陸、寬暢、寬永三位堂弟認出)  於是,我去了珠海認親,團體照片是二十四人。他們說這只是三分之一而已。我又去了重慶。重慶講四場演講,學會月刊已刊出。明天,我先去珠海,再去昆明,雲南大學邀講「品質管理 過去現在未來」。月底回來,6/11,學會組團去廈門,我先寫文章寄去,現場又有一場演講。心煩氣噪影響「八分之六」的寫作整理至大。擬請同意延期至明年重陽,配合我的生日發行。如何? 月底回來再聯繫。”