這個城市有些美好的回憶，譬如說，1989或1990年，我們一行人從德國去找在魯文大學深造的羅時瑋一家人---帶一"小桶"德國啤酒，真失敬，因為比利時的啤酒也不差。
羅同學帶我們參訪是好日子--著名的廣場幼童雕像生日，尿出來的是"葡萄酒"。.....
CNN International
2016年3月23日 ·
Here's why an image of a little boy peeing has become a defiant national symbol.
WWW.CNN.COM
Famous Belgian statue becomes icon against terrorism
https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/4296075137069927
漢清講堂虛擬專題演講：從 Louis Pasteur By Patrice Debré 《巴斯德傳》說起 (2021/11/8 秋陽聚會)
從 Louis Pasteur By Patrice Debre《巴斯德傳》說起
第一講：從胡適之先生的巴斯德、J. M. Juran 的借鏡科學史、Myron Tribus先生的"經營管理上的細菌理論"，還原Louis Pasteur 的germ theory of diseases
參考：
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
《巴斯德傳》 江志輝譯，北京：商務，2000
Louis Pasteur (英語) 2000/10/25 Patrice Debre (著), Elborg Forster (翻訳)
****
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
Fermentation and germ theory of diseases
Pasteur was motivated to investigate fermentation while working at Lille. In 1856 a local wine manufacturer, M. Bigot, whose son was one of Pasteur's students, sought for his advice on the problems of making beetroot alcohol and souring.[44][45]
According to his son-in-law, René Vallery-Radot, in August 1857 Pasteur sent a paper about lactic acid fermentation to the Société des Sciences de Lille, but the paper was read three months later.[46] A memoire was subsequently published on November 30, 1857.[47] In the memoir, he developed his ideas stating that: "I intend to establish that, just as there is an alcoholic ferment, the yeast of beer, which is found everywhere that sugar is decomposed into alcohol and carbonic acid, so also there is a particular ferment, a lactic yeast, always present when sugar becomes lactic acid."[48]
Pasteur also wrote about alcoholic fermentation.[49] It was published in full form in 1858.[50][51] Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Justus von Liebig had proposed the theory that fermentation was caused by decomposition. Pasteur demonstrated that this theory was incorrect, and that yeast was responsible for fermentation to produce alcohol from sugar.[52] He also demonstrated that, when a different microorganism contaminated the wine, lactic acid was produced, making the wine sour.[45] In 1861, Pasteur observed that less sugar fermented per part of yeast when the yeast was exposed to air.[52] The lower rate of fermentation aerobically became known as the Pasteur effect.[53]
Pasteur's research also showed that the growth of micro-organisms was responsible for spoiling beverages, such as beer, wine and milk. With this established, he invented a process in which liquids such as milk were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100 °C.[54] This killed most bacteria and moulds already present within them. Pasteur and Claude Bernard completed tests on blood and urine on April 20, 1862.[55] Pasteur patented the process, to fight the "diseases" of wine, in 1865.[54] The method became known as pasteurization, and was soon applied to beer and milk.[56]
Beverage contamination led Pasteur to the idea that micro-organisms infecting animals and humans cause disease. He proposed preventing the entry of micro-organisms into the human body, leading Joseph Lister to develop antiseptic methods in surgery.[57]
In 1866, Pasteur published Etudes sur le Vin, about the diseases of wine, and he published Etudes sur la Bière in 1876, concerning the diseases of beer.[52]
In the early 19th century, Agostino Bassi had shown that muscardine was caused by a fungus that infected silkworms.[58] Since 1853, two diseases called pébrine and flacherie had been infecting great numbers of silkworms in southern France, and by 1865 they were causing huge losses to farmers. In 1865, Pasteur went to Alès and worked for five years until 1870.[59][60]
Silkworms with pébrine were covered in corpuscles. In the first three years, Pasteur thought that the corpuscles were a symptom of the disease. In 1870, he concluded that the corpuscles were the cause of pébrine (it is now known that the cause is a microsporidian).[58] Pasteur also showed that the disease was hereditary.[61] Pasteur developed a system to prevent pébrine: after the female moths laid their eggs, the moths were turned into a pulp. The pulp was examined with a microscope, and if corpuscles were observed, the eggs were destroyed.[62][61] Pasteur concluded that bacteria caused flacherie. The primary cause is currently thought to be viruses.[58] The spread of flacherie could be accidental or hereditary. Hygiene could be used to prevent accidental flacherie. Moths whose digestive cavities did not contain the microorganisms causing flacherie were used to lay eggs, preventing hereditary flacherie.[63]
Spontaneous generation
Following his fermentation experiments, Pasteur demonstrated that the skin of grapes was the natural source of yeasts, and that sterilized grapes and grape juice never fermented. He drew grape juice from under the skin with sterilized needles, and also covered grapes with sterilized cloth. Both experiments could not produce wine in sterilized containers.[45]
****
從 Louis Pasteur By Patrice Debre《巴斯德傳》說起第一講：從胡適之先生的巴斯德、J. M. Juran 的借鏡科學史、Myron Tribus先生的"經營管理上的細菌理論"，還原Louis Pasteur 的germ theory of diseases
參考：
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
《巴斯德傳》 江志輝譯，北京：商務，2000
Distinguished French immunologist and physician Patrice Debré offers an extensive, balanced, and detailed account of Louis Pasteur's life, struggles, and contributions. Drawing heavily on Pasteur's own scientific notebooks and writings, Debré presents a complete critical account of his discoveries and the controversies they raised with other scientists and occasionally with his closest associates.
****
303秋陽聚會(2020/11/8漢清講堂)
https://youtu.be/jce
2020年11月 8日
以告東坡居士曰:"
吾心皎然，如秋陽之明;
吾氣肅然，如秋陽之清;
吾好善而欲成之，如秋陽之堅百穀;
吾惡惡而欲刑之，如秋陽之隕群木。
夫是以樂而賦之，子以為何如?"
居士曰：「日行於天，南北異宜。
赫然而炎非其虐，穆然而溫非其慈。
且今之溫者，昔之炎者也。
雲何以夏為盾而以冬為衰乎？吾儕小人，輕慍易喜。
彼冬夏之畏愛，乃群狙之三四。
自今知之，可以無惑。
居不墐戶，出不仰笠，暑不言病，以無忘秋陽之德。
」
吳家恆 (2020 譯藝獎得主)
曹永洋
洪銘水/陳博文 夫婦
李元璋博士
張華
繆詠華
熊維強
陳文發
蘇錦坤、唐香燕+陳忠信
"真抱歉，今天不能過去了，
風城味兒：除了貢丸、米粉，新竹還有許多其他
李元璋，2018
李元章博士跟我們介紹新竹:11.08
PEACE BOAT
和平號環球遊輪
超過 8 萬人次環遊世界
乘載超過35 年的營運經驗
約有139 個不同國籍者參加
環遊世界說明會
福華國際文教會館。
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